{"id":17895,"date":"2026-10-19T12:38:16","date_gmt":"2026-10-19T10:38:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/?page_id=17895"},"modified":"2026-10-27T17:31:33","modified_gmt":"2026-10-27T16:31:33","slug":"cstr","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/en\/biogas-technology\/cstr\/","title":{"rendered":"CSTR: Continuous flow Stirred Tank Reactor"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>[et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Header&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#d6d6d6&#8243; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ofmsw-plant-maserati.jpg&#8221; parallax=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;270px||0px||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;rgba(10,10,10,0.5)&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; border_color_right=&#8221;#E09900&#8243; border_color_left=&#8221;#E09900&#8243;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px|||20px|false|false&#8221; border_width_left=&#8221;7px&#8221; border_color_left=&#8221;#F39606&#8243;][et_pb_post_title meta=&#8221;off&#8221; featured_image=&#8221;off&#8221; text_color=&#8221;light&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Titolo del Post&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; title_font=&#8221;|700|||||||&#8221; title_font_size=&#8221;28px&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_post_title][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; background_layout=&#8221;dark&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Continuous-flow technology for heterogeneous biomass.<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Cos&#8217;\u00e8 e a cosa serve&#8221; module_class=&#8221;pl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Contents&#8221; module_class=&#8221;indice&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px|20px|20px|20px|false|false&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h3>Table of contents<\/h3>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"#cose-e-a-cosa-serve\">What it is and what it is used for<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#vantaggi\">Advantages<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#struttura-e-utilizzo\">Structure and operation<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#tempo-di-ritenzione\">Hydraulic retention time<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#differenza-reattori-discontinui-continui\">Difference between batch reactors and Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTR)<\/a><\/li>\n<li><a href=\"#differenza-reattori-cstr-pfr\">Difference between CSTR reactors and plug flow reactors (PFR)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;cose-e-a-cosa-serve&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>What a stirred-tank reactor is and what it is used for<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;]The <strong>Continuous Flow Stirred-Tank Reactor (CSTR)<\/strong> is a technology based on a semi-continuous flow of fresh biomass, kept at a controlled temperature and constantly mixed.<\/p>\n<p>These reactors are used for the <strong>production of energy from biogas or biomethane<\/strong> and are suitable for the <strong>anaerobic digestion of heterogeneous biomass<\/strong>, from livestock effluents and agricultural by-products to agro-industrial waste or OFMSW.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_button button_url=&#8221;#vantaggi&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Why choose a CSTR?&#8221; button_alignment=&#8221;left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; button_border_color_last_edited=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; button_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;#333333&#8243; button_bg_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_bg_color__hover=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_bg_enable_color__hover=&#8221;on&#8221;][\/et_pb_button][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/11\/cstr-reattore.webp&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;170px||170px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;140px||140px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|phone&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;CTA&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_cta title=&#8221;Do you want to turn your idea into a solid, feasible project?&#8221; button_url=&#8221;#contact_form&#8221; button_text=&#8221;Get More Information&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Call-To-Action&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; header_font_size=&#8221;22px&#8221; body_font_size=&#8221;18px&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#48AF66&#8243; custom_button=&#8221;on&#8221; button_text_size=&#8221;16px&#8221; button_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;20px||20px||false|false&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#000000&#8243; background_color__hover=&#8221;#48AF66&#8243; background_enable_color__hover=&#8221;on&#8221; button_border_width__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_width__hover=&#8221;2px&#8221; button_border_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221; button_border_color__hover=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; background__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221; button_text_color__hover=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; button_text_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;on|hover&#8221;][\/et_pb_cta][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Infografica&#8221; module_class=&#8221;pl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#F4F7E0&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>How the CSTR works<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/10\/cstr-1.webp&#8221; alt=&#8221;How the CSTR works&#8221; title_text=&#8221;cstr&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; hover_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; sticky_enabled=&#8221;0&#8243; show_in_lightbox=&#8221;on&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Testi&#8221; module_id=&#8221;benefits&#8221; module_class=&#8221;pl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; background_enable_image=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; da_popup_slug=&#8221;vantaggi&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Advantages&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/DJI_0023.jpg&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;120px||120px||false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;vantaggi&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Advantages of the reactor<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||1px||false|false&#8221;]From an engineering and process perspective, <strong>CSTR offer several advantages<\/strong>:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Flexible technology<\/strong> capable of effectively managing different types of biomass<\/li>\n<li><strong>Simple and optimized maintenance<\/strong>, minimizing plant downtime and maximizing energy production<\/li>\n<li><strong>High buffering capacity<\/strong> against pH variations: it maintains optimal reaction conditions and ensures process stability<\/li>\n<li><strong>Reduced self-consumption<\/strong> thanks to the optimization of plant operating times by the control system<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>The CSTR reactor is therefore suitable for the anaerobic digestion of heterogeneous and complex biomass from the agricultural and industrial sectors.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_4,1_4,1_4,1_4&#8243; 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admin_label=&#8221;Structure&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;struttura-e-utilizzo&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Structure and use of CSTR<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Testo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;]Biogas plants with CSTR consist of:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>One or more <strong>digesters<\/strong>, circular tanks made of concrete or steel<\/li>\n<li>A <strong>mixing system<\/strong> composed of slow and fast mixers, vertical or inclined, depending on the type and quantity of biomass in the digesters<\/li>\n<li>An internal or external <strong>heating system<\/strong><\/li>\n<li>One or more <strong>gasholder covers<\/strong> on the digesters<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>In this type of reactor, anaerobic digestion takes place at <strong>controlled temperatures<\/strong> and with a <strong>dry matter content of between 5% and 10%<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>The digestion process can operate under mesophilic conditions, around 40 \u00b0C, or thermophilic conditions, around 55 \u00b0C, with hydraulic retention times ranging from 20 to 60 days, depending on the types of biomass used to feed the plant.<b><br \/>\n<\/b><b><br \/>\n<\/b>CSTR are a mature and well-established technology that enables the construction of high-performing <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/en\/?page_id=17984\"><strong>agricultural<\/strong><\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/en\/?page_id=19106\"><strong>industrial<\/strong><\/a>, or <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/en\/?page_id=19124\"><strong>OFMSW<\/strong><\/a> biogas plants.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_image src=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/ofmsw-plant-maserati.jpg&#8221; alt=&#8221;ofmsw plant maserati&#8221; title_text=&#8221;ofmsw-plant-maserati&#8221; align=&#8221;center&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Immagine&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][\/et_pb_image][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;DRY SUBSTANCE&#8221; image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/icon_brochure_secca.png&#8221; icon_placement=&#8221;left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||10px||false|false&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#666666&#8243; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221;]5% &lt; DS &lt; 10%[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;THERMAL REGIME&#8221; image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/icon_brochure_termico.png&#8221; icon_placement=&#8221;left&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Blur&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||10px||false|false&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#666666&#8243; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221;]Mesophilic or thermophilic[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;HYDRAULIC RETENTION TIME&#8221; image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/icon_brochure_ritenzione.png&#8221; icon_placement=&#8221;left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||10px||false|false&#8221; border_color_all=&#8221;#666666&#8243; border_width_bottom=&#8221;1px&#8221;]20 &lt; days &lt; 60[\/et_pb_blurb][et_pb_blurb title=&#8221;MIXING SYSTEM&#8221; image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/icon_brochure_miscelazione.png&#8221; icon_placement=&#8221;left&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; header_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;0px||0px||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;10px||10px||false|false&#8221;]Mechanical, internal to the reactor, with slow and fast mixers[\/et_pb_blurb][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Time&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/05\/CSTR-tempo-ritenzione.webp&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;120px||120px||false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;tempo-di-ritenzione&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Hydraulic retention time in CSTR<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;]The <strong>hydraulic retention time<\/strong> (HRT) indicates the average residence time of the biomass inside the digester and corresponds to the time required for the organic fraction to be fully degraded by bacteria for biogas production.<\/p>\n<p>The <strong>hydraulic retention time<\/strong> is variable and depends on the types of biomass used to feed the plant. It can range from 20 to 60 days, depending on the type and quantity of biomass present in the digester.<\/p>\n<p>Choosing the correct residence time is crucial for reactor performance, as it affects the conversion of the organic fraction into biogas.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Difference&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;differenza-reattori-discontinui-continui&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Difference between batch and continuous stirred-tank reactors (CSTR)<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Testo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;]The main difference between batch or semi-batch reactors and continuous reactors lies in the process they use.<\/p>\n<p>In <em>batch reactors<\/em>, <strong>the process takes place in separate batches<\/strong>: the reaction begins with the introduction of all reactants into the reactor, followed by a reaction period and, finally, the removal of the products.<\/p>\n<p>This approach may be suitable for processes requiring more flexible management of production phases, but it can involve downtime between each batch.<\/p>\n<p>On the other hand, <em>Continuous Stirred-Tank Reactors (CSTR)<\/em> operate with a continuous flow: <strong>fresh biomass<\/strong> is continuously fed and <strong>constantly mixed<\/strong> at a controlled temperature to ensure perfect homogenization.<\/p>\n<p>This process therefore enables <strong>constant biogas production and better management of process variables<\/strong>.[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][et_pb_row column_structure=&#8221;1_2,1_2&#8243; make_equal=&#8221;on&#8221; admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; module_class=&#8221;oh&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; module_alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Column&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_tablet=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_padding_last_edited=&#8221;on|desktop&#8221;][et_pb_text module_id=&#8221;differenza-reattori-cstr-pfr&#8221; module_class=&#8221;anchor-offset&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>What is the difference between CSTR and plug-flow reactors (PFR)?<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_text _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_font=&#8221;||||||||&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#333333&#8243; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221;]Both CSTR and PFR operate with continuous flow.<\/p>\n<p>The main difference between CSTR and PFR lies in the <strong>feeding system<\/strong> and the <strong>dry substance content<\/strong> of the feedstocks treated.<\/p>\n<p>CSTR are particularly suitable for treating biomass with a dry substance content generally between 5% and 10%.<\/p>\n<p>By contrast, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/en\/biogas-technology\/pfr\/\">plug-flow reactors<\/a> are suitable for denser and more fibrous biomass, with a higher dry substance content ranging between 15% and 35%.<\/p>\n<div>The choice between a CSTR and a PFR is therefore based on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of the available biomass.<\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;[\/et_pb_text][\/et_pb_column][et_pb_column type=&#8221;1_2&#8243; disabled_on=&#8221;on|on|off&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/tecnologia-impianto-biogas.png&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;120px||120px||false|false&#8221;][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;FAQ&#8221; module_class=&#8221;pl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_enable_color=&#8221;off&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row admin_label=&#8221;Row&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;||||false|false&#8221; custom_padding=&#8221;||||true|true&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Testo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>FAQ \u2013 Frequently asked questions about CSTR technology<\/h2>\n<p>[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Which biomass feedstocks can be used in a CSTR reactor?&#8221; closed_toggle_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#666666&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|10%||10%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;|0%||0%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; icon_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;]<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Animal manure (cattle, pigs, poultry, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Agricultural residues (crop residues, straw, silage, etc.)<\/li>\n<li>Agro-industrial by-products (fruit and vegetable waste, processing residues)<\/li>\n<li>Organic municipal waste<\/li>\n<li>Slaughterhouse waste and food industry waste<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;How many types of biomass can be used in the plant\u2019s feed mixture?&#8221; closed_toggle_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#666666&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|10%||10%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;|0%||0%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; icon_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;]There is no strict limit on the number of substrates included in the feed mixture, nor any restriction on the dry matter content of each biomass feedstock. What matters is the overall composition of the mixture, which determines the biological balance, biodegradability, and process stability.[\/et_pb_toggle][et_pb_toggle title=&#8221;Which mixing system is used in the digester?&#8221; closed_toggle_background_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; icon_color=&#8221;#666666&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; custom_margin=&#8221;|10%||10%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_tablet=&#8221;|0%||0%|false|false&#8221; custom_margin_phone=&#8221;&#8221; custom_margin_last_edited=&#8221;on|tablet&#8221; locked=&#8221;off&#8221; icon_color__hover_enabled=&#8221;off|desktop&#8221;]The mixing system is customized for each plant rather than standardized. Its design depends on factors such as digester size, dry matter content, and the type of biomass being processed.[\/et_pb_toggle][\/et_pb_column][\/et_pb_row][\/et_pb_section][et_pb_section fb_built=&#8221;1&#8243; admin_label=&#8221;Parallax 1&#8243; module_class=&#8221;pl&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_image=&#8221;https:\/\/www.sebigas.it\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/10\/cstr-reattore.jpg&#8221; parallax=&#8221;on&#8221; parallax_method=&#8221;off&#8221; min_height=&#8221;400px&#8221; da_disable_devices=&#8221;off|off|off&#8221; da_is_popup=&#8221;off&#8221; da_exit_intent=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_close=&#8221;on&#8221; da_alt_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_dark_close=&#8221;off&#8221; da_not_modal=&#8221;on&#8221; da_is_singular=&#8221;off&#8221; da_with_loader=&#8221;off&#8221; da_has_shadow=&#8221;on&#8221;][et_pb_row module_id=&#8221;contact_form&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; global_module=&#8221;18404&#8243; locked=&#8221;off&#8221;][et_pb_column type=&#8221;4_4&#8243; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; background_color=&#8221;#48af66&#8243; custom_padding=&#8221;40px|40px|40px|40px|false|false&#8221;][et_pb_text admin_label=&#8221;Testo&#8221; _builder_version=&#8221;4.7.4&#8243; _module_preset=&#8221;default&#8221; text_text_color=&#8221;#FFFFFF&#8221; custom_css_main_element=&#8221;h2{color:#fff;}&#8221;]<\/p>\n<h2>Get More Information<\/h2>\n<p>Submit your request and we will get back to you by email or phone as soon as possible.[\/et_pb_text][et_pb_contact_form use_spam_service=&#8221;on&#8221; recaptcha_list=&#8221;creative-farm-0&#8243; email=&#8221;l.mariani@sebigas.it&#8221; success_message=&#8221;Your request has been submitted successfully. 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